Post by beebs on Oct 4, 2012 14:34:24 GMT -5
Article below discusses the importance of folate
and Vitamin B12, repair of endothelial nitric oxide
synthesis, homecysteine, Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes
Type 2 and atherosclerosis. Note that supplementing
with folate and Vitamin B12 is not sufficient. Co-factors
should be taken, beware of causing imbalances if you
decide to embark on a methylation protocol, much in its
infancy..
The full article can be accessed, (link at the end of
the abstract) is worth reading
and learning
Homocysteine and reactive oxygen species in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atheroscleropathy: The pleiotropic effects of folate supplementation
Melvin R Hayden1* and Suresh C Tyagi2
* Corresponding author: Melvin R Hayden mrh29@usmo.com
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Family and Community Medicine University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri PO BOX 1140 Lk. Rd. 5-87 Camdenton, Missouri 65020 USA
2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics 500 South Preston Street University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky 40292 USA
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Nutrition Journal 2004, 3:4 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-4
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/4
Received: 5 February 2004
Accepted: 10 May 2004
Published: 10 May 2004
© 2004 Hayden and Tyagi; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
Abstract
Homocysteine has emerged as a novel independent marker of risk for the development of cardiovascular disease over the past three decades. Additionally, there is a graded mortality risk associated with an elevated fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy). Metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are now considered to be a strong coronary heart disease (CHD) risk enhancer and a CHD risk equivalent respectively. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in patients with MS and T2DM would be expected to share a similar prevalence to the general population of five to seven percent and of even greater importance is: Declining glomerular filtration and overt diabetic nephropathy is a major determinant of tHcy elevation in MS and T2DM.
There are multiple metabolic toxicities resulting in an excess of reactive oxygen species associated with MS, T2DM, and the accelerated atherosclerosis (atheroscleropathy). HHcy is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and its individual role and how it interacts with the other multiple toxicities are presented.
The water-soluble B vitamins (especially folate and cobalamin-vitamin B12) have been shown to lower HHcy. The absence of the cystathionine beta synthase enzyme in human vascular cells contributes to the importance of a dual role of folic acid in lowering tHcy through remethylation, as well as, its action of being an electron and hydrogen donor to the essential cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. This folate shuttle facilitates the important recoupling of the uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme reaction and may restore the synthesis of the omnipotent endothelial nitric oxide to the vasculature.
Keywords:
Atherosclerosis; BH4; eNOS; eNO; Folate Shuttle; Folic acid; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxidative stress
Cont/...www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/4